2013.37 Royal currency in the form of a hoe

Traditional African currency took many forms, such as utilitarian objects and weapons. This example replicates the form of a long-handled, forged iron hoe, a historically important metal tool used to till the earth. As currency, "hoe money" was exchanged for goods and services or used as bridewealth. In contrast to a farming tool, this currency is made of cast copper alloy and artfully decorated with spirals in low relief. It was owned by a chief or other elite among the agricultural Verre who displayed it on ceremonial occasions. Thus, it was not used as money but served as a status symbol.

Cultures
Vere: AAT: 300262928

Geography 
Nigeria: TGN: 1000182

Process/materials
bas-relief (sculpture technique): AAT: 300053623
brass (alloy): AAT: 300010946
copper alloy: AAT: 300010942
Lost-wax process: AAT: 300053113

Historical periods
nineteenth century (dates CE): AAT: 300404513
twentieth century (dates CE): AAT: 300404514

Subject terms
agriculture (sciences): AAT: 300054463
bride price: AAT: 300262901
ceremonial objects: AAT: 300234117
farming: AAT: 300192802
hoes (agricultural tools): AAT: 300024329
prestige: AAT: 300343604
spirals (geometric figures): AAT: 300163114
status symbols: AAT: 300417329
tools: AAT: 300024841

n.d.: private collection, New York 

1978: Eric Robertson, New York 

1999: private collection, acquired from the above

2013: David T. Owsley, purchased at auction, “African, Oceanic and Pre-Colombian Art”, Bonham’s, New York, November 4, 2013, lot 185, as “Two Similar Verre Royal Currencies, Nigeria”

2013: Dallas Museum of Art, gift of the Alconda-Owsley Foundation

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